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The Lower Paleolithic (or Lower Palaeolithic) is the earliest subdivision of the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age. It spans the time from around 3.3 million years ago when the first evidence for stone tool production and use by hominins appears in the current archaeological record, until around 300,000 years ago, spanning the Oldowan ("mode 1") and Acheulean ("mode 2") lithics industries. In African archaeology, this time period roughly corresponds to the Early Stone Age, beginning approximately 3.3 million years ago with Lomekwian stone tool technology, spanning Mode 1 stone tool technology which begins roughly 2.6 million years ago, and ending between 400,000 and 250,000 years ago with Mode 2 technology.〔 The Lower Paleolithic is followed by the Middle Paleolithic, which sees the appearance of the more advanced prepared-core tool-making technologies such as the Mousterian. Whether the earliest control of fire by hominids dates to the Lower or to the Middle Paleolithic remains an open question. The Lower Paleolithic begins with the appearance of the oldest stone tools in the world, roughly 3.3 million ago in eastern Africa, which were produced by an as-yet undetermined hominin.〔 The Gelasian (Lower Pleistocene), some 2.5 million years ago, sees the appearance of the ''Homo'' genus (''Homo habilis''), possibly developing out of australopithecine forebears (such as ''Australopithecus garhi''). These early members of the ''Homo'' genus had primitive tools, summarized under the Oldowan or Mode 1 horizon, which remained dominant for the best part of a million years, from about 2.5 to 1.7 million years ago. ''Homo habilis'' is assumed to have lived primarily on scavenging, using the tools to cleave meat off carrion or to break bones in order to extract the marrow. The move from the mostly frugivorous or omnivorous diet of ''Australopithecus'' to the carnivorous scavenging lifestyle of early ''Homo'' has been explained by the climate changes in East Africa associated with the Quaternary glaciation. Decreasing oceanic evaporation resulted in a drier climate and an expansion of the savannah at the expense of forests. Reduced availability of fruits forced some Australopithecine to unlock new food sources found in the drier savannah climate. Derek Bickerton has placed to this period the move from simple animal communication systems as they are found in all great apes to the earliest form of symbolic communication systems capable of displacement (referring to items not currently within sensory perception), motivated for the need for "recruitment" of group members for scavenging large carcasses.〔Derek Bickerton, ''Adam's Tongue: How Humans Made Language, How Language Made Humans'', New York: Hill and Wang 2009.〕 ''Homo erectus'' appears by about 1.8 million years ago, via the transitional variety ''Homo ergaster''. == Calabrian == ''Homo erectus'' moved from scavenging to hunting, developing the hunting-gathering lifestyle that would remain dominant throughout the Paleolithic into the Mesolithic. The unlocking of the new niche of hunting-gathering subsistence drove a number of further changes, behavioral and physiological, leading to the appearance of ''Homo heidelbergensis'' by some 600,000 years ago. ''Homo erectus'' migrated out of Africa and dispersed throughout Eurasia. Stone tools in Malaysia have been dated to be 1.83 million years old.〔 (Malaysian scientists find stone tools 'oldest in Southeast Asia' )〕 The Peking Man fossil, discovered in 1929, is roughly 700,000 years old. In Europe, the Olduwan tradition (known in Europe as Abbevillian) split into two parallel traditions, the Clactonian, a flake tradition, and the Acheulean, a hand-axe tradition. The Levallois technique for knapping flint developed during this time. The carrier species from Africa to Europe undoubtedly was ''Homo erectus''. This type of human is more clearly linked to the flake tradition, which spread across southern Europe through the Balkans to appear relatively densely in southeast Asia. Many Mousterian finds in the Middle Paleolithic have been knapped using a Levallois technique, suggesting that Neanderthals evolved from ''Homo erectus'' (but, perhaps, ''Homo heidelbergensis'' (see below)). At the site of Monte Poggiolo, near Forlì, in Italy, thousands of stone handaxes have been found that date from 800,000 years ago. The appearance of ''Homo heidelbergensis'' about 600,000 years ago heralds a number of other new varieties, such as ''Homo rhodesiensis'' and ''Homo cepranensis'' about 400,000 years ago. ''Homo heidelbergensis'' is a candidate for first developing an early form of symbolic language. Whether control of fire and earliest burials date to this period or only appear during the Middle Paleolithic is an open question. Also in Europe, there appeared a type of human intermediate between ''Homo erectus'' and ''Homo sapiens'', sometimes summarized under archaic ''Homo sapiens'', typified by such fossils as those found at Swanscombe, Steinheim, Tautavel, and Vertesszollos (''Homo palaeohungaricus''). The hand-axe tradition originates in the same period. The intermediate may have been ''Homo heidelbergensis'', held responsible for the manufacture of improved ''Mode 2'' Acheulean tool types, in Africa, after 600,000 years BP. Flakes and axes coexisted in Europe, sometimes at the same site. The axe tradition, however, spread to a different range in the east. It appears in Arabia and India, but more importantly, it does not appear in southeast Asia. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「lower paleolithic」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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